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        <h2 id="u5217_u8868"><a href="#u5217_u8868" class="headerlink" title="列表"></a>列表</h2><p>　　轻量级的web map框架：leaflet<br>　　地图相关博客：<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/shitao/category/331988.html" target="_blank" rel="external">http://www.cnblogs.com/shitao/category/331988.html</a><br>　　坐标系换算：<a href="http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Slippy_map_tilenames" target="_blank" rel="external">http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Slippy_map_tilenames</a><br>　　openlayers加载球面墨卡托数据：<a href="http://docs.openlayers.org/library/spherical_mercator.html" target="_blank" rel="external">http://docs.openlayers.org/library/spherical_mercator.html</a></p>
<p>　　ol矢量图层面填充支持graphicfill填充：<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/shitao/archive/2012/08/14/2636874.html" target="_blank" rel="external">http://www.cnblogs.com/shitao/archive/2012/08/14/2636874.html</a><br>　　<a href="http://dev.openlayers.org/sandbox/ossipoff/openlayers/examples/graphicfill.html" target="_blank" rel="external">http://dev.openlayers.org/sandbox/ossipoff/openlayers/examples/graphicfill.html</a></p>
<p>　　矢量栅格化工具：TileCache、TileStache</p>
<h2 id="u6BD4_u4F8B_u5C3A_u4E0E_u5206_u8FA8_u7387"><a href="#u6BD4_u4F8B_u5C3A_u4E0E_u5206_u8FA8_u7387" class="headerlink" title="比例尺与分辨率"></a>比例尺与分辨率</h2><p>1米 = 39.37007英寸<br>1英寸 包含72个像素点<br>分辨率resolutions：每个像素点代表的实际地理距离</p>
<p>openlayers计算出来的<br>第0级比例尺 443743145.6320125<br>第0级分辨率：156543.03390625（一张256像素的瓦片），156543.03390625 * 256 = 40075016.68米，恰好为赤道周长</p>
<p>第0级 比例尺：156543.03390625 <em> 72 </em> 39.37007 = 443743934.6089034 意即图上一米代表的实际距离多少米<br>第1级 比例尺：443743934.6089034 / 2 = 221871967.3044517<br>第2级 比例尺：221871967.3044517 / 2 = 110935983.6522259</p>
<p>　　在GIS中所提到的 分辨率，也称地面分辨率（Ground Resolution）或空间分辨率（Spatial Resolution），表示一个像素（pixel）代表的地面实际距离。 以谷歌地图为例：在缩放级别为 1 时，图片大小为4个 256<em>256 的图片，那么赤道上的空间分辨率为：地球赤道周长（实地距离）除以256</em>2（像素大小）。其他纬度上的分辨率则为：纬度圈长度/512。 因此可以看出，分辨率取决于两个参数，纬度和缩放级别，缩放级别决定了像素的多少，纬度决定了地面距离的长短。 因此谷歌地图某视图下的分辨率计算公式为（单位：米/像素）：<img src="/images/utionFormula.png" alt="utionFormula.png"><br>F(X,Y):地图分辨率；<br>X：纬度值；<br>Y：缩放级别；<br>R：常量 6378137，表示地球半径，单位：米。<br>　　比例尺，通常以比率(如 1:10000 )来表示，表示图上距离与实地距离之比。例如 1:10000 表示图上 1cm 代表实际距离 10000cm，即100米。 由于比例尺起源较早，通常用（纸质）图上的距离衡量实际距离；而分辨率则通常用设备屏幕上的距离来衡量实际距离。而同一个地图视图，尺度是唯一的，比例尺和分辨率只不过是两种表示方法，因此它们是一一对应的。 比例尺与分辨率之间的换算公式如下：<img src="/images/ScaleFormula.png" alt="ScaleFormula.png"><br>Scale：地图比例尺；<br>Resolution：地图分辨率；<br>PPI：每英寸的像素点数。<br>　　其中 PPI，即 Pixel per Inch，即每英寸的像素点数（在不混淆情况下，也有用 DPI 来表示该参数）。0.0254 为英寸和米的转换常数。<br>　　由于比例尺和分辨率一一对应，因此比例尺也取决于纬度和缩放级别两个参数，并且还与 PPI 相关。仍旧以谷歌地图为例：当地图处于全幅状态时，上下移动地图，使得地图中心线处纬度发生变化，因此比例尺随之变化；同理，当地图处于不同的缩放级别时，地图比例尺同样也会发生变化。如图1 和图2，纬度和缩放级别的变化引起了比例尺的变化。注意：视图下的比例尺一般指中心点的比例尺。（上下平移地图，可以看出地图的比例尺发生了变化）<br>　　但图3和图4相比，上下移动地图时，地图比例尺并未发生变化。这是由于缩放级别较大时，即地图处在较大比例尺状态，地图上下平移，所造成的纬度变化非常小，因此比例尺就基本相等。<br><img src="/images/MoveMap1.png" alt="MoveMap1.png"><img src="/images/MoveMap2.png" alt="MoveMap2.png"><img src="/images/MoveMap3.png" alt="MoveMap3.png"><img src="/images/MoveMap4.png" alt="MoveMap4.png"><br>　　那么，在 SueperMap iClient 产品中 Map 和 Layer 对象同时拥有比例尺和分辨率属性，该如何进行选择呢？<br>　　如果 SueperMap iClient 产品的后台服务器产品选择 SuperMap 系列服务器产品，建议使用 Map 与 Layer 中的比例尺相关属性（比如 Scale、Scales 等），因为 SuperMap 服务器直接提供了相关地图的比例尺功能。 如果后台服务器产品并没有直接提供比例尺，或者是在 WMS 这类标准服务中未涉及比例尺参数的情况下，建议选择分辨率属性（比如 Resolution、Resolutions 等）。 这是因为比例尺与用户屏幕相关的，而分辨率则是无关的。图5和图1展示的地图是同一级别，却显示了不同的比例尺。原因就在于两幅图来源的用户电脑屏幕分辨率不同。而屏幕分辨率的不同导致了了 PPI 的变化，从计算比例尺的公式可以看出，比例尺必然发生变化。<br><img src="/images/ScaleMap.png" alt="不同屏幕分辨率下的截图"><br>　　而分辨率却没有变化，因为该级别下，赤道周长仍旧没变，图片也仍旧是 512*512 像素，因此可知分辨率与屏幕分辨率没有关系。<br>另外，在 WMS 参数中有 bbox、height 和 width 这三个参数可唯一确定所请求的地理视图范围与缩放级别。bbox 指可视的地理范围，由4个边界值可确定中心点，而 bbox 的宽度（实地距离）除以 width（图片距离）即是 Resolution（分辨率）。但是没有 PPI，是不能确定 Scale （比例尺）的。换句话说，由 Resolution、Center、Width、Height 可唯一确定某个可视范围，但仅有 Sclae、Center、Width、Height 却无法确定。而在利用 SuperMap 服务器提供的服务时，由 Sclae、Center 参数（宽和高一般都有默认值）可确定唯一的可视范围。这其中的原因是，SuperMap 服务器默认使用了出图服务器的PPI。有经验的用户会发现，在改变了出图服务器的分辨率时，用同样的 Sclae、Center 请求的图片却是不一样的。<br>参考网站：<a href="http://support.supermap.com.cn/DataWarehouse/WebDocHelp/6.1.1/iServerJavaOnlineHelp/mergedProjects/sl/G_MapAndLayer/L_ResolutionAndScale.html" target="_blank" rel="external">http://support.supermap.com.cn/DataWarehouse/WebDocHelp/6.1.1/iServerJavaOnlineHelp/mergedProjects/sl/G_MapAndLayer/L_ResolutionAndScale.html</a></p>
<h2 id="ol_u7F29_u653E_u7EA7_u522B_u8BBE_u7F6E"><a href="#ol_u7F29_u653E_u7EA7_u522B_u8BBE_u7F6E" class="headerlink" title="ol缩放级别设置"></a>ol缩放级别设置</h2><p>　　在OpenLayers中，地图必须具有一个缩放级别的范围，缩放级别可以用比例尺（scale）或者分辨率（resolution）表示。比例尺——屏幕上1米代表多少地图坐标单位；分辨率——屏幕上一个像素代表多少地图坐标单位。两者的转换关系是：scale = resolution <em> 72 </em> 39.3701（1米=39.3701英寸，1英寸=72像素）。地图具有一个总的缩放级别，每个图层可以有各自的缩放级别，这样可以控制图层只在合适的级别上显示。<br>　　缩放级别范围的确定方法<br>　　1. 比例尺数组或者分辨率数组来确定（相邻两级之间不一定是2倍的关系，可以是任意值）。示例：<br>resolutions: [1.40625,0.703125,0.3515625,0.17578125,0.087890625,0.0439453125]<br>scales: [50000000, 30000000, 10000000, 5000000]<br>　　2. 用最大分辨率（maxResolution）和缩放级别总数（numZoomLevels）确定，相邻两级是2倍关系</p>
<p>　　最大分辨率的确定方法：<br>    a. 直接指定maxResolution，例如：maxResolution: 0.17578125<br>    b. 直接指定minScale，例如：minScale: 50000000<br>    c. 由maxExtent确定（maxResolution需设置为‘auto’），例如：{maxExtent: new OpenLayers.Bounds(-180, -90, 180, 90), maxResolution: “auto”}<br>　　缩放级别总数的确定方法：<br>　　1. 直接指定numZoomLevels，例如：numZoomLevels: 5<br>　　2. 由最大分辨率和最小分辨率的比值确定，最小分辨率同2.1有三种方法可以确定：<br>        2.1 直接指定minResolution<br>        2.2 直接指定maxScale<br>        2.3 由minExtent确定（minResolution需设置为‘auto’）</p>
<p>如果指定的参数过多，导致缩放级别范围不一致时，上述方法顺序决定了OpenLayers确定缩放级别范围的优先级。</p>
<h2 id="u53C2_u8003_u8D44_u6599"><a href="#u53C2_u8003_u8D44_u6599" class="headerlink" title="参考资料"></a>参考资料</h2><p><a href="http://schemas.opengis.net/" target="_blank" rel="external">http://schemas.opengis.net/</a><br><a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/sailheart" target="_blank" rel="external">http://www.cnblogs.com/sailheart</a></p>

      
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